Dialogue Partner: Ecumenical Patriarchate

“The Sacredness of Space and Dialogue” Keynote Remarks by His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew

December 8, 2025, Geneva, Switzerland

Your Eminence Metropolitan Emmanuel of Chalcedon;

Dear Rabbi Mark Dratch, Chair of the International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultations;

Your Eminences, Excellencies, and Graces; 

Esteemed Rabbis, Clergy, and Scholars; 

Honorable Guests; 

Ladies and Gentlemen; 

It constitutes for us, not merely joy, but a spiritual debt, our participation in this twelfth gathering of the International Academic Consultation between Judaism and Orthodox Christianity. The subject chosen for this year, “Sanctity of Place – Sanctity of Space”, is not a simple thematic choice of academic interest. It is a call to reflect upon the very foundations of our spiritual identity.

For, when we speak of space, we do not refer exclusively to the edifices, the stones and the architecture which we respect and inhabit. Nor do we limit ourselves to the geometric dimension of the place. Our mind turns primarily to those internal, sacred spaces which we cultivate within us, in the “inner chamber” of the heart, but also to the common space which is opened up through dialogue, solidarity and peace with our fellow human beings.

We desire today, as you commence your proceedings, to submit a few thoughts regarding the critical articulation, the correlation between space and dialogue. We are dealing with two realities, which in our traditions are inextricably interwoven. They constitute, we would say, the environment and the content of the divine-human encounter. They are the means, the conduits, through which the presence of God becomes palpable, experiential, and where man is called and learns to respond faithfully to this Presence.

In the Orthodox Christian experience, it is true that sacred space takes flesh and bones in a visible manner in church architecture, in iconography, in liturgical life. However, it would be a mistake to limit the meaning of sacred space there. Its deeper essence, the outline, the purpose and its sanctifying power, cannot be understood in the absence of dialogue. And when we say dialogue, we mean the existential conversation of God with humanity, of heaven with earth, and certainly, of ourselves as communities of faith that journey together in history.

For this reason, we do not desire to speak of sacred space as an abstract theological notion, as an intellectual “concept”, or as an artistic tradition. We speak of a living witness. A witness that shapes and is shaped by the sacred dialogue. Dialogue with God, with the “other”, with the entire world.

It is characteristic, that which visitors experience when they enter an Orthodox church for the first time. They often describe a sense of transport, a transition to the transcendent. The walls and the domes which are fully inscribed with storied figures, the air which carries the fragrance of the incense, the light which seems to move and to breathe. None of these things is accidental. This atmosphere is intentional. In Orthodoxy, sacred space is not decorative. It is a confession. It is a declaration of faith. It reveals, with material means, that which we believe.

The Orthodox temple, in its structure and its decoration, constitutes a proclamation that God entered into creation. That the eternal Logos became flesh and dwelt amongst us. The Evangelist John the Theologian formulates this in an unsurpassable manner in the Prologue of his Gospel: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. […] All things were made through him; and without him nothing was made that was made. In him was life; and the life was the light of men. And the light shines in the darkness; and the darkness did not comprehend it” (John 1:1-5). This is the reason for which icons hold such a central position in our worship. They are not idols. They bear witness to the union of the divine and the human nature in the person of Christ, the Light of the World, who came to reveal the calling of man. 

No Church Father expressed this truth with greater clarity and simplicity than Saint John of Damascus. Writing amidst the storm of Iconoclasm, he formulated the famous phrase: “I do not worship matter, but I worship the Creator of matter, who became matter for my sake” (St John of Damascus).

This statement is shattering. It confirms the significance of sacred space within Christian history. Space, time, matter – the elements of God’s Creation – can be ennobled. They are able to be transformed by Divine Grace and offered back to God as worship and praise. Through her iconographic and architectural tradition, the Orthodox Church confirms that the created world is capable of becoming a mystery of His glory.

Space is sanctified, because God has already sanctified it by creating the universe, setting the boundaries of the heavens, the earth and the seas (cf. Gen. 1:1-10). Time is ennobled, because God entered into history. He spoke to the Patriarchs and the Prophets (cf. Exod. 3:1-6 and 1 Kings 19:11-13). He commanded His people to rest and to observe the Sabbath as a holy day (cf. Exod. 20:8). Matter is transformed, because God provided for His people, feeding them (cf. Exod. 16:4 and Matt. 14:13-21) and anointing His servants (cf. 1 Sam. 16:10-13 and Luke 4:16-21).

At this point, we stand on common ground, deeply harmonised with the Jewish tradition. Our spiritual family was born within the sacred geography of Israel, there where place and presence are connected closely. From the altars of Abraham to the ladder of Jacob, from Sinai to the Temple of Jerusalem. Both Judaism and Orthodox Christianity understand that God does not remain indifferent to the cries of His people. He does not abstain from history. He meets us at specific times, in specific places, through specific persons. Sacred space, consequently, is not merely symbolic. It is relational. It signals the meeting between humanity and the Divine.

As we said before, if sacred space is the environment of the divine-human encounter, sacred dialogue is its content. One of the clearest examples of this interaction is found in the theology of the icon. In the Orthodox understanding, the icon is not merely religious art. It is a theological statement, it is a prayer, it is a liturgical entity. It is a bridge that permits our participation in the holiness of the depicted person, always in the light of the mystery of the Incarnation.

The iconographer works with deep respect, following a process which is itself a form of prayer. From the preparation of the wood, the layering of the gesso, the design, the placement of the gold leaf, the painting from darkness towards light, the inscription of the sacred name, until the final blessing of the icon in the church. Every step is a dialogue that fills the space with grace. The iconographer listens. He listens to the Scriptures, to the tradition, to the holy figure he is depicting. The Church answers with prayer and blessing. The faithful answer with veneration, lighting candles, offering their supplications.

Beyond the icon, however, the very building of the temple honours the sanctity of space and of dialogue in varied ways. The orientation towards the East echoes the Jewish orientation towards Jerusalem and the hope of the final restoration. The dome, particularly in the Byzantine style, reflects the heavens, surrounding the faithful with the presence of Christ, of the angels and of the saints. The iconostasis – often misunderstood as an obstacle – is in reality a threshold. It reveals that the great mysteries of God can be approached but never exhausted. It is permeable, but not trivial. Transparent, but not empty.

This architectural evolution narrates a centuries-old dialogue. Between Scripture and culture, Jewish roots and Greek forms, persecutions and imperial favour, monastic austerity and royal splendour. Thus, the dialogue is not a mere discussion, but a process of discernment, a dynamic encounter that shapes identity. Sacred space participates in this discernment, reminding us that holiness is not static, but unfolds continuously.

And if icons and architecture sanctify the visible world, Orthodox hymnography and psaltic art sanctify the auditory world. Here, another space is filled with grace through sound. The Church traditionally did not use musical instruments, not because it considers them unclean, but because the human voice is the sacred instrument par excellence, one of the many faculties sanctified by God when He created man “in His image and likeness” (Gen. 1:26).

We could say that whilst architecture shapes physical space and icons the visual, psalmody shapes the inner space – the space of the heart. And here, our dialogue with Judaism is natural and profound. The Psalms, the cantillation of the Torah, the melodies of Jewish prayer, formed the foundations of Christian liturgical music. Byzantine chant, as well as the varied musical traditions of the East, are founded on the conviction that the human voice can convey divine words with integrity, humility, and beauty.

However, sacred space is not a museum of beauty. It is not a lifeless window into the past. It constitutes a moral and spiritual vocation to experience our faith within the world. It calls us to holiness, to justice, to compassion. The corporeal experience within the church – from the open naves that resemble ships ready to transport the faithful, to the postures of prayer – reminds us that worship is not a flight from the world, but a transformation for the sake of the world.

At this point, we find again a strong resonance with the Jewish tradition. Sacred space is inseparable from moral responsibility. The prophets constantly challenge Israel to recognise that holiness without justice, or worship without mercy, is a delusion. We read in Micah: “Hath the Lord told thee, O man, what is good? or what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do judgment, and to love mercy, and to be ready to walk with the Lord thy God?” (Micah 6:8). And the Prophet Amos writes with shattering power: “I hate, I have rejected your feasts… and let judgment roll down as water, and righteousness as an impassable torrent” (Amos 5:21, 24). Both passages confirm that in the eyes of God, authentic holiness must be expressed through justice and mercy.

Sacred space ought to overflow into sacred action within the world that God loves. There where the neighbour suffers and the stranger seeks refuge. If our sacred spaces do not lead us into a sacred dialogue with the world, then they risk becoming temples of idols and false piety. In the same spirit, the text issued in 2020 by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, titled “For the Life of the World: Toward a Social Ethos of the Orthodox Church”, states characteristically: “God created humanity in His image and likeness and endowed every man, woman, and child with the full spiritual dignity of persons fashioned in accordance with the divine personhood of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In so doing, He brought into being a new sphere of created freedom, the distinctively human space of liberty” (§62).

What do all these things mean for the work of our consultation today? We live in a world fragmented by violence, polarisation, and the misuse of religion for destructive ends. Our traditions are called to give a different testimony: that God sanctifies space in order to sanctify human relations. Judaism teaches that the Holy One dwells where His people gather to study the Torah. Orthodox Christianity teaches that the Kingdom of God is revealed where the Church gathers to celebrate the Eucharist. These statements are not contradictory. They point towards the same mystery: that God is revealed through and within our relationships with Him, our neighbour, and creation.

We shall be found wanting before God if we do not honour one another, respecting sacred spaces as places of sacred dialogue. How can we fulfil this obligation?

Permit us to propose the following thoughts. We honour and encounter one another when:

We listen to the stories of the other.

We learn to see the image of God in the face of the “other”.

We acknowledge the wounds of history with sincerity and humility, without embellishments.

We honour the sacred spaces of the other without seeking to dominate or reshape them.

We work together for the protection of places, such as Jerusalem and the Holy Lands, which are sacred to us both, as well as for the life of our communities – churches, synagogues, cemeteries, homes, hospitals, and schools.

Recognising the sanctity of place, we are called to safeguard not only physical locations, but the dignity of the people who inhabit them. Sacred space is violated not only when a shrine is desecrated, but also when the dignity and life of others are threatened. This is the message we endeavoured to highlight during the recent visit of His Holiness Pope Leo XIV to Constantinople, through our Joint Declaration where we emphasised: “In particular, we reject every use of religion and the name of God to justify violence. We believe that authentic interreligious dialogue, far from being a cause of syncretism and confusion, is essential for the coexistence of peoples of different traditions and cultures” (29 November 2025). Our dialogue, therefore, is not academic; it is spiritual, pastoral, and ethical.

Distinguished guests, Dear Friends,

Permit us to conclude with a simple observation, perhaps self-evident but often forgotten: sacred space is not something we merely inherit. It is something we create.

Every act of hospitality creates sacred space. Every gesture of respect creates sacred space. Every sincere discussion, like this one here, creates sacred space.

Here, in this Consultation, we are building sacred space together, as we encounter one another in a field of learning, trust, and hope. As we continue our dialogue, may we be strengthened by the witness of our traditions and our spiritual giants, so that we do not withdraw into isolation, but expand the boundaries of holiness in our world.

We pray that this meeting becomes a new icon – an image in which the light of God will be reflected in our common commitment to peace, understanding, and respect for the sanctity of every human life.

We wish you every success in your proceedings and we await with interest the conclusions of your consultations. 

Thank you for your kind attention.

photo: © Ecumenical Patriarchate/Gary Vachicouras

Geneva, 7-10 December 2025

The 12th Academic Consultation between Judaism and Orthodox Christianity, convened by the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultations (IJCIC), took place from 7-10 December 2025 (17-20 Kislev 5786) in Geneva, Switzerland. At the opening, His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew delivered the keynote address. The consultation – marking nearly half a century of dialogue between the two global faith communities – was dedicated to the theme, “Sanctity of Place – Sanctity of Space,” and was co-chaired by His Eminence Elder Metropolitan Emmanuel of Chalcedon and IJCIC Chair Rabbi Mark Dratch.

In his keynote remarks, the Ecumenical Patriarch said “sacred space is not a museum of beauty. It is not a lifeless window into the past. It constitutes a moral and spiritual vocation to experience our faith within the world. It calls us to holiness, to justice, to compassion. The corporeal experience within the church – from the open naves that resemble ships ready to transport the faithful, to the postures of prayer – reminds us that worship is not a flight from the world, but a transformation for the sake of the world… At this point, we find again a strong resonance with the Jewish tradition. Sacred space is inseparable from moral responsibility… [I]n the eyes of God, authentic holiness must be expressed through justice and mercy.”

He continued, “Here, in this consultation, we are building sacred space together, as we encounter one another in a field of learning, trust, and hope. As we continue our dialogue, may we be strengthened by the witness of our traditions and our spiritual giants, so that we do not withdraw into isolation, but expand the boundaries of holiness in our world.”

The Ecumenical Patriarch’s address was preceded by introductory remarks by Metropolitan Emmanuel and Rabbi Dratch, and was followed by a response by Rabbi Prof. Richard Marker, one of several IJCIC past chairs in attendance and IJCIC’s primary liaison with Orthodox Christian partners in preparing for the bilateral consultation. Organizing committee members included: Rev. Presbyter Michael Azar, PhD; Rabbi Shoshana Boyd Gelfand; Rabbi Dr. Joe Kanofsky; Rev. Protopresbyter of the Ecumenical Throne Nicolas Kazarian, PhD; Rabbi Daniel F. Polish; Very Rev. Archpriest Geoffrey Ready, PhD and Dr. Gary Vachicouras.

In his welcome remarks, Rabbi Dratch saluted “the courage and vision that have sustained Jewish-Orthodox Christian dialogue,” as well as the “patient diplomacy” and “personal warmth” that “have turned institutional commitment into real friendship.” He said, “Since our earliest encounters, we have walked a path few could have imagined. We have learned from each other, spoken with each other, dreamed with each other.”

After his own welcome remarks, Metropolitan Emmanuel presented a tribute celebrating 50 years of Jewish-Orthodox Christian relations, in commemoration of the late Metropolitan Damaskinos of Adrianople (1936-2011) and Dr. Gerhart M. Riegner (1911-2001) and their pathbreaking role in enabling the dialogue. He stated: “[W]e find ourselves here, in Geneva. A place of particular gravity, a space that has been steeped in history and the agony of dialogue, marking nearly fifty years since this conversation commenced. It is, one might say, a moment when history encounters theology as an experiential reality that transcends abstract concept.” It was followed by the screening of a photographic montage, prepared by Dr. Vachicouras, that retraced five decades of a rich and meaningful history. 

The prior evening, following greetings at an opening dinner by Metropolitan Emmanuel and IJCIC Vice Chair David Michaels, Rev. Azar offered a review of previous consultations between Jews and Orthodox Christians.

During the remainder of the dialogue’s first day, Rabbi Kanofsky and His Eminence Metropolitan Cleopas of Sweden and All Scandinavia discussed the topic, “What Makes a Space Holy?” Rabbi Dr. David Sandmel and Rev. Azar addressed the ongoing project “How to Speak About the Other?” Subsequently, Rabbi Noam Marans and His Excellency Ambassador Michał Klinger presented on “Space as Power – Control, Identity and Sacred Expression.”

The following day, Rabbi Shoshana Boyd Gelfand and V. Rev. Ready led delegates in a joint exercise exploring religious texts and their interpretation. Afterward, Rabbi Sandmel and Dr. Theodor Keskos discussed “Sacredness in Spaces Beyond the Primary” ones in each tradition.

Participants then visited the historic Beth-Yaacov Synagogue of Geneva and the Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambésy. There, they heard remarks from community representatives including, respectively, Geneva Chief Rabbi Mikhaël Benadmon and Communauté Israélite de Genève (CIG) Vice President Fabrice Madar, and His Eminence Metropolitan Maxime of Switzerland, director of the Orthodox Centre. Dr. Vachicouras led a tour of the center.

On the last day of the consultation, Rabbi Dratch led a reflection on the topic, “How do our Traditions Teach the Same Texts?” Afterward, he and Rev. Kazarian delivered presentations on the theme of “Virtual Space,” which were followed by a lively discussion on the challenges posed by digital culture and social media within both faith traditions.

Delegates then reviewed and approved this communiqué, presented by Rev. Kazarian and Mr. Michaels, and heard closing remarks after discussing continued efforts to advance and deepen ties between Jews and Orthodox Christians worldwide.

The first Jewish-Orthodox Christian international academic consultation took place in Lucerne in 1977. Subsequent dialogues were held in Bucharest, Athens, Jerusalem, Thessaloniki and Vienna. Those meetings explored subjects including law, tradition and community, continuity and renewal, modernity, peace and justice, religious liberty, global crises and ethical challenges, the environment, spiritual centers and diasporas, the significance of Jerusalem and navigating “relations to the world and each other.”

The Geneva consultation included senior representatives of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, the Patriarchate of Jerusalem, the Patriarchate of Romania, the Patriarchate of Bulgaria, the Patriarchate of Georgia, the Orthodox Church of Cyprus, the Orthodox Church of Greece, the Orthodox Church of Poland, the Orthodox Church of Albania and the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia. Primates from multiple parts of the world also sent written messages to the assembly. As is customary in the history of the consultation, the Holy See also sent an observer: His Excellency Archbishop Flavio Pace, Secretary of the Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity and Vice President of the Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews.

IJCIC is the recognized representative of the international Jewish community in dialogues with other major world faith groups. Its constituent organizations include American Jewish Committee, Anti-Defamation League, B’nai B’rith International, Central Conference of American Rabbis, Israel Jewish Council on Interreligious Relations, Rabbinical Assembly, Rabbinical Council of America, Union for Reform Judaism, Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism and World Jewish Congress.

Participants concluded the consultation with deep gratitude for the spirit of fellowship and mutual respect that had shaped their days together. Their conversations, shared experiences, and moments of learning created a genuine sense of collaboration and renewed dialogue. 

photos: © Ecumenical Patriarchate/Gary Vachicouras

Continuity and Renewal

Your Eminence, Metropolitan Damaskinos of Switzerland, Exarch of Europe, dear brother in the Holy Spirit, concelebrant of our humble person, the grace and peace of God be with you.

We gladly respond to your letter of March 10, 1993, in which you ask us to address a message from the Mother Church, the Holy Great Church of Christ, to the participants of the Third Academic Meeting between Orthodoxy and Judaism, who have come together from all corners of the world in order 10 examine the relations between Christian Orthodoxy and Judaism. From the holy center of Orthodoxy, we address all the participants with this paternal greeting, the biblical greeting par excellence: “Peace be among you!”

This greeting reminds us of the multitude of common elements and characteristics, between Christians and Jews, and above all, of the fact that both these living traditions of faith have their roots in the same biblical ground.

This common spiritual origin of Christians and Jews seems today, more than ever, to offer a fruitful ground toward the rejection of the consequences of mutual prevailing hostility during the past and the establishment of a new relationship between them, genuine and authentic, rooted in the willingness to work toward mutual understanding and improved knowledge of each other.

Today’s favorable circumstances for easier communication and mutual rapprochement of people as well as for the success of this task, are even more favorable in the special context of Eastern Orthodoxy, which has always believed and confessed the irreplacable value of the human person and the equality of all human beings created by God. Therefore, Eastern Orthodoxy has never encouraged racist  ideas  and theories,  and  has  never  practically experienced those negative historical phenomena, observed elsewhere, such as racial   discrimination, social marginalisation and isolation, proselytism, persecution and genocide of people who belonged to a different culture or worshiped God in a different manner.

Quite the contrary, the corroborated moving expressions of solidarity and support, shown in the past and also recently, towards the Jews living in this geographical area and suffering diverse persecutions, rather reinforce the hope that this God-pleasing task will beat fruit in the framework of a new and constructive rapprochement of Orthodox Christians and Jews living together under the same sky and in the same world.

Thus, approaching each other in this positive fashion, devoid of negative inherited elements, Orthodox Christians and Jews can in a brotherly way exchange their rich experiences, particularly in the area of biblical studies, the teaching concerning tradition, the theology of the person, spirituality, etc. and further define the boundaries and the limits of their possible collaboration in the world where faith in God is more and more threatened.

Today, more than ever before, those who believe in God, most especially the members of the same spiritual family, are called to offer together, and in dialogue, the rich witness of their traditions in the urgently necessary quest for better solutions 10 the great and serious problems which we face, concerning the collapse of moral and spiritual values in general, and, in particular, the violation of the value of the human person, the unique and incomparable image of God.

With these thoughts on the occasion of this present meeting, we wholeheartedly wish from the Ecumenical Patriarchate that the work of the Third Academic Meeting between Orthodoxy andJudaism be crowned with complete success and become the beginning of a series of fruitful encounters toward the establishment and consolidation of the dialogue between Orthodox Christians and Jews and thus to respond more effectively to the anguished aspirations of contemporary humanity, which impatiently awaits a life-giving breath from a renewed contemporary religious discourse.

The grace and infinite mercy of God be with your Eminence and with all the participants of this academic meeting.

On October 20-21, 2015, the 9^th Orthodoxy-Judaism Academic Consultation took place in Athens, Greece. The conference was organized by the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and dated to the 25^th anniversary of the Greece-Israel diplomatic relations.

The forum was attended by over thirty representatives of Local Orthodox Churches and Jewish communities from various countries. It was co-chaired by Metropolitan Emmanuel of France and Rabbi David Rosen, director of the AJC for interreligious and inter-cultural relations.

During the introductory part of the conference, massages of greetings were brought from His Holiness Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople, Patriarch Theophilos of Jerusalem, Patriarch Irenaeus of Serbia, Archbishop Jeronymos of Athens and All Greece, and Metropolitan Savva of Warsaw and All Poland.

A message of greetings from Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk, head of the Moscow Patriarchate department for external church relations (DECR), was read out by the Rev. Dimitry Safonov, DECR secretary for interreligious contacts.

Among the Orthodox participants in the consultation were Archbishop Demetrios of America, head of the jurisdiction of Constantinople in the USA, Metropolitan Emmanuel of France and Metropolitan Kleopas of Sweden and Scandinavia (Patriarchate of Constantinople), Metropolitan Demetrios of Irinopolis (Patriarchate of Alexandria), Metropolitan Gabriel of Nea Ionia (Greek Orthodox Church), Metropolitan Joseph of Western and Southern Europe (Patriarchate of Romania), Bishop John of Slavonia (Patriarchate of Serbia), Bishop Nektarios of Arsinoe (Orthodox Church of Cyprus), Archimandrite Damian, Exarch of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem in Greece; Deacon Alexander Sekulic, Serbian Orthodox Church; and Mr. George Betlejko, Polish Orthodox Church.

Among the Jewish representatives were Chief Rabbi of Geneva Yitzchak Dayan, Rabbi Moshe Levin, representative of the Conference of European Rabbis, Rabbi Eugene Korn, representative of the Center for Jewish-Christian Understanding and Cooperation, Chief Rabbi of Athens Gabriel Negrin, and others. There were also Greek and Israeli diplomats, academics and experts.

The forum discussed various academic issues, such as ways of co-existence and dialogue between Orthodox and Jewish communities in various countries, mutual influence of Greek and Jewish cultures and traditions, understanding of various Old Testament passages in the two traditions.

Father Dimitry Safonov drew the attention of the participants to the problem of persecution of Christians in the Middle East and Africa. He briefly described the scale of the catastrophe and spoke about the efforts of the Russian Orthodox Church to draw the attention of the world pubic to this problem.

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The Orthodoxy-Judaism Consultations were initiated in 1977 by the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The initiative was supported by other Local Orthodox Churches. The Russian Orthodox Church has taken part in the consultations since 1993, when at the 3d Consultation it was represented by Protopresbyter Vitaly Borovoy.